LECALE covers 161.2 km² in Northern Ireland. With 88 historic sites and 19 scheduled monuments on record, the ward sits at the 92nd percentile across all 462 NI wards for combined archaeological heritage. It also records 92 listed buildings (HED Historic Buildings Record), the 92nd percentile for listed-building density across NI wards. Per 1,000 residents, this works out at 45.9 recorded sites — the 88th percentile across NI wards (a measure of heritage density relative to current population). Dated archaeological evidence runs from the Mesolithic through to the Modern period, spanning 8 archaeological periods, placing the ward in the 90th percentile NI-wide for chronological depth.
Heritage at a glance
Percentile rankings throughout this profile compare each ward only against the other 461 Northern Ireland wards.
Population context
The recorded heritage of LECALE
Of the 88 historic sites recorded, the most common are Souterrain (6, 7% of historic sites), Rath (2), and Possible Souterrain (2). For Souterrains, this is the 65th percentile among NI wards that record this type. For Raths, this is the 14th percentile across NI wards that record this type. Across the ward's 161.2 km², this gives a recorded density of 1.23 sites per km² (all heritage types combined). Scheduled monuments are distributed across approximately 0.05° of latitude and 0.14° of longitude within the ward, indicating dispersed rather than clustered placement.
Most common monument types
| Type | Count | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Souterrain | 6 | — |
| Rath | 2 | — |
| Possible Souterrain | 2 | — |
Chronological distribution
Terrain and environment
A mean elevation of 19m places this ward among the lowest-lying in NI (10th percentile), reaching 81m at the highest point. Mean slope is 3.3° (25th percentile across NI), giving moderately undulating terrain. The Topographic Wetness Index of 10.9 (79th NI percentile) indicates moderate drainage, balanced between upland shedding and lowland accumulation. The land-cover mosaic combines improved grassland (74%), arable farmland (18%), and woodland (5%), giving a mixed agricultural and semi-natural landscape. In overall character, this is low-lying, gently-sloping terrain — characteristic of NI's lowland basins and coastal plains, with land use dominated by improved grassland.
Terrain measurements
Where this ward sits in NI
Geology and preservation
The dominant bedrock formed during the Palaeozoic era (Silurian period). Ancient sedimentary or metamorphic rock dating to before the age of dinosaurs; the resulting landscape has been long-stable enough to host every period of human activity. Bedrock composition is uniform (complexity index 0.07), with a single dominant geological unit underlying most of the ward. A uniform geology narrows the natural lithic-resource base available to past inhabitants.
Placename evidence
The combined OSNI, Logainm NI, and GeoNames sources record 66 placenames for this ward. Diagnostic heritage strata identified within these are: 2 pre-Christian defensive (rath-, dún-, lios-, caiseal-) and 7 ecclesiastical (cill-, teampall-, mainistir-, díseart-). Note: Irish-language (name_ga) forms are recorded for roughly half of NI placenames in the combined sources, so anglicised forms whose Irish original could belong to multiple categories may be misclassified.
Placename categories
Scheduled monuments in LECALE
Scheduled monuments are sites legally protected under the Historic Monuments and Archaeological Objects (Northern Ireland) Order 1995, designated by the Historic Environment Division (HED).
| Monument | Type | Period |
|---|---|---|
| Motte and bailey | Motte And Bailey | Medieval |
| Tower-house | Tower-House | Unknown |
| Raised Rath | Raised Rath | Early Medieval |
| Tower-house: Margaret's Castle | Tower-House: Margaret'S Castle | Unknown |
| Windmill Stump | Windmill Stump | Post-Medieval |
| Open field system | Open Field System | Middle-Late Bronze Age |
| Standing Stone | Standing Stone | Early Bronze Age |
| Corbelled pig crews | Corbelled Pig Crews | Unknown |
Recorded historic sites
| Name | Period | Type |
|---|---|---|
| A.P. SITE – BARROW? | Early Bronze Age | Ritual/Funerary |
| AP Cropmark – Enclosure | Early Medieval | Unknown |
| AP Cropmark – Enclosure | Iron Age | Unknown |
| AP Cropmark – Possible sub-oval enclosure | Iron Age | Unknown |
| AP Cropmark- Concentric arc cropmarks | Unknown | Unknown |
| AP Cropmark- Possible enclosure or rath | Iron Age | Defence |
| AP Cropmark- Possible enclosure or rath | Iron Age | Defence |
| AP Cropmark- Possible rath | Early Medieval | Defence |
| AP Cropmark- Possible rath (possibly one of a pair with DOW 045:008) | Early Medieval | Defence |
| AP complex – conjoined enclosures and field system | Early Medieval | Agriculture |
Listed buildings in LECALE
| Address / Name | Grade | Period |
|---|---|---|
| 35 CASTLE ST. KILLOUGH Downpatrick CO.DOWN | B2 | — |
| POINT VIEW 45 CASTLE ST. KILLOUGH Downpatrick CO.DOWN | B2 | — |
| 47 CASTLE ST. KILLOUGH Downpatrick CO.DOWN | B2 | — |
| ANCHOR BAR 49-51 CASTLE ST. KILLOUGH Downpatrick CO.DOWN | B2 | — |
| KINGS CASTLE HILL ST. ARDGLASS Downpatrick CO.DOWN | B1 | — |
| ARDGLASS GOLF CLUB HOUSE ARDGLASS Downpatrick CO.DOWN | B1 | — |
| 7 CASTLE PLACE ARDGLASS Downpatrick CO. DOWN | B1 | — |
| 5 CASTLE PLACE ARDGLASS Downpatrick CO.DOWN BT30 7JP | B1 | — |
| 3 CASTLE PLACE ARDGLASS Downpatrick CO.DOWN | B1 | — |
| 1 CASTLE PLACE ARDGLASS Downpatrick CO.DOWN | B1 | — |
Discover more in Newry, Mourne and Down
Want a deeper view?
Grounding History: 10 Maps of Northern Ireland’s Past
A spatial history report bringing together analysis of all 462 wards into one place through 10 high-quality maps — covering monument density, archaeological periods, placename heritage, terrain, wetland, and the historic landscape at first survey.
About this profile
What is a ward?
A ward is the smallest electoral and statistical geography used by the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA). The boundaries used here are the 2014 NISRA / OSNI Wards (462 across Northern Ireland), each typically covering 1-700 km² and a population of a few thousand. Wards do not align with parishes, townlands, or any historic administrative unit — they are a modern statistical convenience, used here only as a fixed spatial frame within which to summarise heritage records.
What counts as a site?
Three distinct heritage record types are reported separately, not combined: (1) Historic Sites — entries in the Northern Ireland Sites and Monuments Record (NISMR), the inventory of recorded archaeological sites and findspots, dated from prehistoric to early-modern; (2) Scheduled Monuments — sites legally protected under the Historic Monuments and Archaeological Objects (NI) Order 1995 and maintained by the Historic Environment Division (HED); (3) Listed Buildings — buildings of architectural or historic interest protected under the Planning Act (NI) 2011 and graded A, B+, B1, B2, or Record-Only by HED. A site appearing in more than one register is counted in each register independently.
Editorial principles
These ward profiles describe evidence, not history. They report what is recorded, not what occurred. Where the data is ambiguous, we say so. We do not infer historical processes — population movements, settlement expansion, periods of decline — from patterns in the record. Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence: in Northern Ireland, where antiquarian survey was uneven and modern excavation is geographically biased, a gap in the record almost always reflects the limits of recording rather than a genuine historical absence. We mark such gaps explicitly where they appear in the data.
Limits of coverage and known caveats
Several caveats apply to every ward profile: (1) NISMR coverage is uneven across NI — some areas (notably parts of the south-east and the Belfast urban fringe) have been more intensively surveyed than others, so a low recorded site count does not reliably indicate a low past density of activity; (2) period attributions in NISMR are often 'Unknown', and chronological breakdowns reported here reflect only the dated subset; (3) placename classification depends on the Irish-language form (name_ga), which is recorded for approximately 50% of NI placenames in the combined sources, so ecclesiastical and pre-Christian counts may be understated where anglicised forms remain unparsed; (4) terrain percentile ranks compare each ward only to the other 461 NI wards; they are not absolute thresholds. For absence-dominant land cover categories (wetland, water, cropland), percentile ranks are suppressed below 1% raw value, since the ranking of zero-value wards is not meaningful.
Data sources (11)
- Northern Ireland Sites and Monuments Record (NISMR) https://www.communities-ni.gov.uk/articles/nismr-public-mapviewer
- HED Scheduled Monuments Dataset https://www.opendatani.gov.uk/@historic-environment-division/scheduled-monuments-northern-ireland
- HED Historic Buildings Record https://www.communities-ni.gov.uk/topics/historic-environment/listed-buildings
- OSNI OS Open Names (Northern Ireland) https://www.opendatani.gov.uk/@ordnance-survey-of-northern-ireland/osni-open-data—50k-gazetteer
- Logainm — Placenames Database of Ireland https://www.logainm.ie/
- GeoNames https://www.geonames.org/
- Census 2021 (Northern Ireland) https://www.nisra.gov.uk/statistics/2021-census
- OSNI Open Data — Largescale Boundaries https://www.opendatani.gov.uk/@ordnance-survey-of-northern-ireland/osni-open-data-largescale-boundaries-wards-2012
- Copernicus GLO-30 DEM https://spacedata.copernicus.eu/collections/copernicus-digital-elevation-model
- ESA WorldCover https://esa-worldcover.org/
- GSNI 1:250,000 Geology https://www.bgs.ac.uk/geological-data/maps/